Critical Raw Materials: Supply Risks for Renewable Energy Why Critical Raw Materials Matter

The energy transition depends on materials such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper, and rare earth elements. Supply concentration in a limited number of global producers creates strategic vulnerabilities.

Policy Measures and Supply Chain Diversification

Regulatory initiatives aim to diversify imports, increase domestic extraction, and strengthen recycling. However, many targets remain non-binding and difficult to achieve within short timelines.

Recycling and Domestic Production Challenges

Current recycling rates for several critical minerals remain below 5%, while some materials are not recycled at all. High processing costs and regulatory barriers limit competitiveness.

Domestic mining projects face lengthy development timelines, making substantial contributions before 2030 unlikely.